STRANDED ! THE ADVENTURE OF ALEXANDER SELKIRK

            Alexander Selkirk was a Scottish sailor who spent more than four years stranded alone on an island in the Pasific Ocean. In 1703, Selkirk joined an expedition from Scotland to Polynesia. However, in 1704, when ship stopped at an island near Chile to get food and water, Selkirk was worried that the ship was not safe, so he asked the captain to leave him there. The captain agreed. Selkirk only brought a few things with him, including a gun, some tools, a knife, and some clothes, but he survived by hunting goats for meat and milk, and eating vegetables on the island. He even learned how to make his own clothes! Selkirk was finally rescued in 1709 when sailors from another ship came to the island and found him. Selkirk’s adventures also inspired many other stories, including Robinson Cruose and Gulliver’s Travels.

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Desert

            It will probably surprise you to find out that there are two types of desert – hot and cold! One thing that hot and cold deserts have in common is that they are dry. Deserts get less than 250mm of rainfall each year.

            Hot deserts have really high temperatures and are covered with lots of sand or rock. The air is really dry, and there are very few clouds in the sky. Temperatures during the day can rise to more than 50 degress celcius  and drop to below freezing at night. It doesn’t often rain in desert, but when it does, it is usually during a storm.

            The largest hot desert in the Earth is the Sahara Desert in North Africa, where the highest temperature ever was recorded – it was 57.7 degress celcius! The Sahara only gets about  80mm of rain each year. There are many dangerous wind and sand storms which can last for a few days.

            Cold desert are covered in sand, rock, and ice. It snows in cold desert. The biggest cold desert in the world is Antartica. It is the driest continent on the planet. The lowest temperature ever recorded was in Antartica and was -89.2 degress celcius!

            Even though hot deserts are very dry, water can be found at oases. An oasis is formed when underground water comes to the surface and forms a pool. People can create an oasis by digging for water. It is because of oases that many different kins of plants and animals, as well as millions of people, live in Sahara.

            Animals have different ways of surviving in the desert. Most reptiles sleep during the day to escape the heat. They sleep under rocks and burrow into the sand where it is cooler and then come out at night. Small rodents also dig into the sand to stay cool. 

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The X Games

The X games are like the Olympic Games, but for extreme sports. Each year there are Summer and Winter X Games. The first X Games were held in Rhode Island, USA in 1995, and nearly 200,000 people attended!

There are seven sports played at the Games: skateboarding, motocross, BMX, and rally car racing at the Summer Games; and snowboarding, snowmobile racing, and skiing at the Winter Games. To compete in these events, athletes need to be brave and maybe little bit crazy, because these sports can be dangerous. Two of the most famous athletes to take part in the X Games are Tony Hawk (skateboarder), who has won 9 gold medals, and Shaun White (snowboarder), who has won 11 gold medals. Both have video games named after them as well, which is serious;y cool!

Here’s what people said about the X Games:

“The X Games are awesome, man! These dudes do some amazing things with snowboard. I saw Shaun White on TV do a Tomahawk – it was awesome! I’ve never seed anybody do that move before.” Becky Robbins, 14, fan.

“The X Games are about young people, and having fun. The sports might be dangerous sometimes, and there are a few accidents, like broken ankles and wrists. But everybody loves to watch them. They’re cool.” Jonny Boedinger, 30, skateboarder.

“The X Games helped me become more confident. After watching the Games, I started doing tricks on my BMX. Now, I’m pretty good at it, and I’ve made a lots of friends.” Steve Johnson, 16, fan.

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THE STONE AGE

The Stone Age was a period of time that started about 2.5 million years ago, when people – sometimes called cavemen – used stone to make spears, hammers, axes, and other tools. They often used these tools to hunt animals for food. Some of these animals, such as woolly mammoths, were very big.

            Woolly mammoths were animals that looked like elephants. They even had long tusks, just like elephants. Woolly mammoths weren’t the only animals that lived at this time, though. There were many dangerous animals, too, such as saber-toothed cats. Saber-toothed cats were bigger than cats now and had long, sharp front teeth.

            It was also during the Stone Age that people first discovered how to make fire!

Cavemen

            Millions of years ago cavemen communicated in very simple ways. They are were able to make a simple sounds or noises to let others know how they were feeling, and they could read facial expressions and body language. They also drew pictures on the walls of caves to tell stories about their history and culture.

            Over time, language developed but body language never died out. In fact, some people say that communication is 55% body language, 38% voice, and only 7% is in the world we use! That’s pretty amazing if you think about how many words there are in any language.

            There are two types of non-herbal communication. The first is body language which includes facial expressions, the way someone stands or walks, or any movement which shows how a person is feeling.

            The other type of non-herbal communication is gestures. Gestures include things like hand signals, movement, of the eyes, and body posture. Some examples are smiling, shaking someone’s hand or waving at someone.

            People can also understand one another by listening to the intonation the speaker is using. The way we say a word or sentence can often change the meaning of what we are trying to say. 

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THE HEIMLICH MANEUVER

     The Heimlich maneuver is a maneuver used to help save someone when they are choking. To do the maneuver, a rescuer stands behind a choking victim and applies pressure to the victim’s abdomen, forcing the person to cough up the object they are choking on. The maneuver was invent by an American doctor named Henry Heimlich in 1974, after he saw a restaurant owner use a similar maneuver to save a choking woman in Bellevue, Washington.

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ROAST BEEF DINNER

This one of the most traditional British dishes. It’s also called Sunday lunch because families usually eat this on Sundays together. In the past, it was a special meal because it was the only time in the week that families ate meat. That seems like a long time ago now ! Its main ingredient is, of course, roast beef. People sometimes replace the beef with lamb or pork, it is normally served with roasted potatoes, boiled potatoes, and vegetable. Sometimes, people have Yorkshire pudding with it, which is a kind of pancake. It is a little dry, so British people like to pour gravy on this meal. Gravy is kind of meat sauce. 

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GLADIATORS

Gladiators were men who fought each other or wild animals in big stadiums called amphitheaters. The Collosseum in Rome was the biggest amphtheaters in ancient Rome. People came to watch the gladiators fight. It was a special event in ancient Rome.

These men trained to fight and were very strong and brave. They lived together in gladiators schools where they trained all day every day. They slept together, ate together, and fought together.

These fighters were not free men – they were forced to fight. Sometimes they died when fighting. It was a horrible life, but some lucky gladiators became famous and won their freedom.

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CACAO TREES

WHERE DOES CHOCOLATE COME FROM ?

Cacao trees grow in warm countries. They produce large pods that look like rugby balls. Inside each pod, there are beans which produce cocoa solids and cocoa butter. The cocoa solids make chocolate and the cocoa butter is the  fat extracted from the cacao bean.

THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF CHOCOLATE :

Milk chocolate – milk is the main ingredient for this chocolate. It is sweet and light brown in color.

Dark chocolate – this type of chocolate is not so sweet. It’s dark brown in color and there is no milk.

White chocolate – this kind of chocolate is white and milk is the main ingredient. However, it does not contain any cocoa solids and so some people say that it is not real chocolate.

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AIRPORT SECURITY

In order to protect passengers, airport have strict rules. Some of this rules include:

Restricted items

Knives are not permitted on board. In the past, knives under 4 inches were allowed on board, but now, knives are not allowed at all.

ID checks

All passengers must have ID cards that match their boarding passes. Passengers are unable to fly without these documents.

Security on the aircraft

Generally, passenger are not permitted to enter the cockpit, where the pilot sits, especially when the plane is in the air. In order to increase security, bullet-proof doors and locks are now standard on all planes.

Forbidden liquids

No liquids over 100ml may taken on board in hand luggage. Liquids under 100ml must be carried in a clear plastic bag. This includes water, shampoo, toner, etc.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

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Internet

11.     Intranet

Ø  Sebuah jaringan privat yang menggunakan protokol internet untuk berbagi data secara aman dalam lingkup suatu organisasi atau badan yang menggunakan jaringan operasi tersebut.

22.       Internet ( interconnection – networking)

Ø  Sebuah jaringan komputer yang saling terhubung menggunakan standar sistem global Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) sebagai protokol pertukaran paket (packet switching communication protocol) untuk melayani miliaran pengguna di seluruh dunia.

33.       LAN ( Local Area Network)

Ø  Jaringan komputer yang jaringannya mencakup wilayah yang kecil; seperti jaringan komputer kampus, sekolah, rumah atau yang lebih kecil.

44.       Topologi Jaringan Komputer

Ø  Bentuk perancangan baik secara fisik maupun secara logik yang digunakan untuk membangun sebuah jaringan komputer.

Ø  Terdiri dari 4 :

a)     

Topologi Bus

o   Topologi yang banyak digunakan pada masa penggunaan kabel sepaksi menjamu, dengan menggunakan T-connector ( dengan terminator 50ohm pada ujung network.)

b)      Topologi Star

o   Merupakan bentuk topologi jaringan yangberupa konvergensi dari node tengah ke setiap node atau penggunanya.

c)       Topologi Ring

o   Topologi jaringan yang berbentuk rangkaian titik yang masing-masing terhubung ke dua titik lainnya, sedemikian sehingga membentuk jalur melingkar membentuk cincin.

d)      Topologi Mesh

o   Suatu bentuk hubungan antar perangkat dimana setiap perangkat terhubung secara langsung ke perangkat lainnya yang ada di dalam jaringan.

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